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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 4: Present and potential industrial uses of hydrogen previous sections (Figure 48). More than half of this remainder was consumed in cement manufacture (IEA and CSI, 2018). This level of demand is set to rise gradually on current trends to just over 400 Mtoe/yr in 2030. This demand trajectory would not change significantly even if strong climate change mitigation measures were pursued, although some small differences would arise from increases in energy and materials efficiency. Figure 48. 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Demand for heat in industry under current trends High, excl. steel/chemicals Remaining high (> 400°C) Medium (100–400°C) Low (< 100°C) Iron and steel Cement Chemicals Paper Aluminium Other industry Sector Temperature Sector Temperature Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved. 2018 2030 Nearly 30% of high-temperature heat in industry is consumed outside chemical and iron and steel sectors, with this share remaining relatively constant on current trends. Fossil fuels are the primary source of high-temperature heat today (around 65% from coal, 20% natural gas and 10% from oil), although small amounts of biomass and waste are used in certain sectors. Electricity is also used extensively to generate high-temperature heat in specific applications, either directly (e.g. electric arc and induction furnaces in the steel industry) or indirectly (e.g. to drive electro-chemical reactions in aluminium smelting). Resistance heaters are used in the production of carbon fibre, reaching temperatures of 1 800°C, and there are ways to utilise electromagnetic heating technologies (e.g. microwave and infrared) to achieve similar temperatures for other specific heating applications (Beyond Zero Emissions, 2018). However, several large-scale processes, such as steam crackers and cement kilns, remain challenging to electrify although demonstration and feasibility studies are being conducted in both of these areas (BASF, 2019; Cementa, 2019). Economics of hydrogen-based high-temperature heat Excluding the chemical and iron and steel sectors, industrial high-temperature heat is responsible for approximately 1.1 GtCO2/yr of direct emissions today, or around 3% of global energy-sector CO2 emissions. Combustion of sustainable bioenergy or hydrogen (or direct use of hydrogen- PAGE | 117 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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