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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 5: Opportunities for hydrogen in transport, buildings and power Total cost of ownership of cars Energy consumption per kilometre tends to be greatest on large vehicles used over long distances. This means that fuel costs generally make up a greater share of total costs for heavier vehicles, and for vehicles with high utilisation (such as long-haul trucks, intercity buses and commercial car fleets). As the capital cost of a car ranges from 70% to 95% of the total cost of ownership, depending on the vehicle, it will be imperative to bring down the cost of fuel cell systems and hydrogen storage tanks to achieve cost competitiveness with other options. The case is somewhat different for trucks, for which the capital cost ranges from 40% to 70% of the total ownership cost, meaning that cost reductions for delivered hydrogen are just as important (see section on medium- and heavy-duty vehicles below). Car buyers typically consider the total cost of ownership as one among several decision criteria. For example, the range of a car can be important to some buyers. The global average BEV sold today has a range of around 250 km; this is sufficient for most daily trips. FCEVs sold today offer a longer range: the Toyota Mirai offers some 400 km and the Hyundai Nexo even more. This makes them attractive for consumers who prioritise range.48 To illustrate the relevance, assuming hydrogen refuelling facilities are located along desired routes, FCEVs could drive from Paris to Marseille (about 750 km) with a single short refuelling stop. The same trip in a BEV with a range of 250 km would require stopping to charge at least twice, with fast charging depending on the availability of stations. This extra range offered by FCEVs, however, comes at a price in terms of the cost of the vehicle. Different consumers will weigh the considerations differently, according to their individual priorities and preferences. Figure 54. Total cost of car ownership by powertrain, range and fuel 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 FCEV 400 km BEV 400 km BEV 250 km ICE Hybrid FCEV 400 km BEV 400 km Long term ICE Hybrid Synthetic fuel (air capture) Synthetic fuel (best case) Low utilisation of infrastructure Refuelling, charging infrastructure Electricity, fuel Operations and maintenance Battery, fuel cell Base vehicle cost Today Notes: ICE = internal combustion engine. The y-axis intercept of the figure corresponds to base vehicle “glider” plus minor component costs, which are mostly invariant across powertrains. More information on the assumptions is available at www.iea.org/hydrogen2019. Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved. FCEV costs could break even with BEV costs at a range of 400 km. Cost reductions in fuel cells and storage tanks, together with high utilisation of stations, are the keys to achieving competitiveness. 48 Real-world driving ranges of BEVs are also more sensitive to temperature and use of auxiliary systems (e.g. air conditioning) than other powertrains. PAGE | 135 IEA. All rights reserved. Total cost of ownership (USD/km)PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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