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13 quantityexergetic content. Engine coolant, on the other hand, presents high- quality but low-quantityexergetic content, while the EGR system presents low-quality but high-quantity exergetic content. Therefore, engine exhaust gases are the most useful heat source owing to their high exergetic content [22][30]. EGR can also be used to recover waste heat because the level of useful exergy in the EGR is higher than that in the after-turbine exhaustand its temperature range is high[31]. Teng et al. [32] showed that EGR and exhaust gases are the most interesting recoverable heat sources because of their high exergy values. Their results showed that 20% of wasted heat can be recovered, resulting in 18% ORC efficiency. However, Espinosa et al. [33] mentioned that using both exhaust and EGR gases adds complexity and increases cost. Boretti [34] used exhaust gas and engine coolant as the heat sources in his study. He reported thatfuel conversion efficiency increasesby a maximum of 6.4% when only exhaust gas is used and by a maximum value of 2.8% when only engine coolant is used. When the two heat sources are combined, the efficiency increases up to 8.2%,but so does the system complexity and weight. The effect of implementing an ORC WHR system in the powertrain of a diesel or gasoline power-assisted vehicle in terms of ORC efficiency, engine efficiency and powertrain performance has been presented by many studies. On a theoretical basis, the ORC efficiency of anHDD engine and a light-duty gasoline engine can reach up to 20% and 14%, respectively, by using ORC as a bottoming cycle [35]. Dolz et al. [28] proved that ORC efficiency can reach up to 6% when a 12L two-stage turbocharged HDD engine is used. The experimental results of Cipollone et al. [36] showed that the efficiency of the regenerative ORC system rangesfrom 3.8%to 4.8% when the exhaust gas of an IVECO F1C diesel engine is used. In another experimental study, Yang et al. [37]utilised a six-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine in which the ORC efficiency reached a maximum value of 9.9%. Katsanos et al. [38] showed in a theoretical study that cycle efficiency could significantly increase when using exhaust gas and the EGR system and a maximum ORC efficiency of approximately 26% could be achieved. Meanwhile, the experimental results of Wang et al. [39] showed a maximum Rankine efficiency of 7% when bothPDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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