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Chapter 1: Introduction 65 similar capacity for the abatement of emissions at low cost (Audus and Oonk, 1997); Chapter 7 looks at some aspects of this. definition makes no judgement about how the amount of CO2 retained in storage will evolve over time – if there were to be an escape of CO2, the rate may not be uniform. The extent to which these reservoirs are within reasonable, cost-competitive distances from the sources of CO2 will determine the potential for using this mitigation option. The CO2 storage process and its relationship to concentrations in the atmosphere can be understood by considering the stocks of stored CO2 and the flows between reservoirs. Figure 1.6 contains a schematic diagram that shows the major stocks in natural and potential engineered storage reservoirs, and the flows to and from them. In the current pattern of fossil fuel use, CO2 is released directly to the atmosphere from human sources. The amount of CO2 released to the atmosphere by combustion and industrial processes can be reduced by a combination of the various mitigation measures described above. These flows are shown as alternative pathways in Figure 1.6. 1.6.3 How long will the CO2 remain in storage? This seemingly simple question is, in fact, a surprisingly complicated one to answer since the mechanisms and rates of release are quite different for different options. In this report, we use the term ‘fraction retained’ to indicate how much CO2 remains in store for how long. The term is defined as follows: • ‘Fraction retained’ is the fraction of the cumulative amount of injected CO2 that is retained in the storage reservoir over a specified period of time, for example a hundred or a million years. Chapters 5, 6 and 7 provide more information about particular types of storage. Table AI.6 in Annex I provides the relation between leakage of CO2 and the fraction retained. The above The flows marked CCS with a subscript are the net tons of carbon dioxide per year that could be placed into each of the three types of storage reservoir considered in this report. Additional emissions associated with the capture and storage process are not explicitly indicated but may be considered as additional sources of CO2 emission to the atmosphere. The potential release flows from the reservoirs to the atmosphere are indicated by R, with a subscript indicating the appropriate reservoir. In some storage options, the release flows can be very Figure 1.6 Schematic diagram of stocks and flows of CO2 with net flows of captured CO2 to each reservoir indicated by the label CCS (these flows exclude residual emissions associated with the process of capture and storage). The release flows from each of the storage reservoirs are indicated by the labels R. The stock in the atmosphere depends upon the difference between the rates at which CO2 reaches the atmosphere and at which it is removed. Flows to the atmosphere may be slowed by a combination of mitigation options, such as improving energy efficiency or the use of alternatives to fossil fuels, by enhancing biological storage or by storing CCS in geological formations, in the oceans or in chemicals or minerals.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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