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Chapter 2: Sources of CO2 81 table 2.3 Profile of worldwide large CO2 stationary sources emitting more than 0.1 Mt CO2 per year (Source: IEA GHG, 2002a). Process CO2 concentration in gas stream % by vol. Number of sources Emissions (mtCO2) % of total CO2 emissions Cumulative total CO2 emissions (%) Average emissions/source (mtCO2 per source) CO2 from fossil fuels or minerals Power Coal 12 to 15 2,025 7,984 59.69 59.69 3.94 Natural gas 3 985 759 5.68 65.37 0.77 Natural gas 7 to 10 743 752 5.62 70.99 1.01 Fuel oil 8 515 654 4.89 75.88 1.27 Fuel oil 3 593 326 2.43 78.31 0.55 Other fuelsa NA 79 61 0.45 78.77 0.77 Hydrogen NA 2 3 0.02 78.79 1.27 Natural-gas sweetening NAb NA 50c 0.37 79.16 Cement production Combined 20 1175 932 6.97 86.13 0.79 Refineries 3 to 13 638 798 5.97 92.09 1.25 iron and steel industry Integrated steel mills 15 180 630d 4.71 96.81 3.50 Other processesd NA 89 16 0.12 96.92 0.17 Petrochemical industry Ethylene 12 240 258 1.93 98.85 1.08 Ammonia: process 100 194 113 0.84 99.70 0.58 Ammonia: fuel 8 19 5 0.04 99.73 0.26 combustion Ethylene oxide 100 17 3 0.02 99.75 0.15 Other sources Non-specified NA 90 33 0.25 100.00 0.37 7,584 13,375 100 1.76 CO2 from biomasse Bioenergy 3 to 8 213 73 0.34 Fermentation 100 90 17.6 0.2 a Other gas, other oil, digester gas, landfill gas. b A relatively small fraction of these sources has a high concentration of CO2. In Canada, only two plants out of a total of 24 have high CO2 concentrations. c Based on an estimate that about half of the annual worldwide natural-gas production contains CO2 at concentrations of about 4% mol and that this CO2 content is normally reduced from 4% to 2% mol (see Section 3.2.2). d This amount corresponds to the emissions of those sources that have been individually identified in the reference database. The worldwide CO2 emissions, estimated by a top-down approach, are larger than this amount and exceed 1 Gt (Gielen and Moriguchi, 2003). e For North America and Brazil only. All numbers are for 2003, except for power generation from biomass and waste in North America, which is for 2000. The top 25% of all large stationary CO2 emission sources (those emitting more than 1 MtCO2 per year) listed in Table 2.3 account for over 85% of the cumulative emissions from these types of sources. At the other end of the scale, the lowest 41% (in the 0.1 to 0.5 MtCO2 range) contribute less than 10% (Figure 2.1). There are 330 sources with individual emissions above 10 MtCO2 per year. Of their cumulative emissions, 78% come from power plants, 20% from gas processing and the remainder from iron and steel plants (IEA GHG, 2000b). High-concentration/ high-partial-pressure sources (e.g., from ammonia/hydrogen production and gas processing operations) contribute a relatively low share (<2%) of the emissions from large stationary sources (van Bergen et al., 2004). However, these high-concentration sources could represent early prospects for the implementation of CO2 capture and storage. The costs for capture are lower than for low-concentration/low-partial-pressure sources. If these sources can then be linked to enhanced production schemes in the vicinity (<50km), like CO2-enhanced oil recovery, they couldPDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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