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288 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Figure 6.12 Simulated plumes (Chen et al., 2005) created by injecting liquid CO2 into the ocean from a fixed pipe (left panel) and a moving ship (right panel) at a rate of 100 kg s–1 (roughly equal to the CO2 from a 500 MWe coal-fired power plant). Left panel: injection at 875 m depth (12 m from the sea floor) with an ocean current speed of 2.3 cm s–1. Right panel: injection at 1340 m depth from a ship moving at a speed of 3 m s–1. Note difference in pH scales; maximum pH perturbations are smaller in the moving ship simulation. injected CO2 for hypothetical examples of ocean storage (e.g., Orr, 2004). Wickett et al. (2003) estimated that injection into the deep ocean at a rate of 0.37 GtCO2 yr–1 (= 0.1 GtC yr–1) for 100 years would produce a ∆pH < –0.3 over a volume of sea water equivalent to 0.01% or less of total ocean volume (Figure 6.14). In this example, for each GtCO2 released to the deep ocean, less than about 0.0001%, 0.001% and 0.01% of Figure 6.14 Estimated volume of pH perturbations at basin scale (Wickett et al., 2003). Simulated fraction of global ocean volume with a ∆pH less than the amount shown on the horizontal axis, after 100 years of simulated injection at a rate of 0.37 GtCO2 yr–1 (= 0.1 GtC yr–1) at each of four different points (two different depths near New York City and San Francisco). Model results indicate, for example, that injecting CO2 at this rate at a single location for 100 years could be expected to produce a volume of sea water with a ∆pH < –0.3 units in 0.01% or less of total ocean volume (0.01% of the ocean is roughly 105 km3). As with other simulations of direct CO2 injection in the ocean, results for the upper ocean (e.g., 800 m) tend to be more site-specific than are results for the deep ocean (e.g., 3000 m). environmental impacts by accelerating the dissolution and dispersion of injected liquid CO2 (Ozaki, 1997; Minamiura et al., 2004). A moving ship could be used to produce a sea water plume with relatively dilute initial CO2 concentrations (Figures 6.12 and 6.13). In the upper ocean where CO2is less dense than seawater, nozzles engineered to produce mm-scale droplets would generate CO2 plumes that would rise less than 100 m. Ocean general circulation models have been used to predict changes in ocean chemistry resulting from the dispersion of Figure 6.13 Volume of water with a ∆pH less than the value shown on the horizontal axis for the simulations shown in Figure 6.12 corresponding to CO2 releases from a 500 MWe power plant. The fixed pipe simulation produces a region with ∆pH < –1, however, the moving ship disperses the CO2 more widely, largely avoiding pH changes of this magnitude.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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