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Energies 2021, 14, 387 8 of 32 Oxy-fuel combustion capture mainly integrates SCPC and USC power plants with low-rank coal (sub-bituminous and lignite). Table 1 shows the range of performance and cost results for new plants. A conventional cryogenic air separator is used for oxygen production, able to produce high quality CO2 (>99%). Table 1. Current performance and cost estimates for oxyfuel combustion capture at new (SCPC/USC) plants (values in 2013 US$) [21]. Definition: Higher Heating Value (HHV). Performance and Cost Measurement for New Oxy-Combustion Plants with Subbituminous or Bituminous Coal Plant Performance Measurement SCPC/USC reference plant net power output [MW] Emission rate w/o capture [t CO2/MWh] Emission rate with capture [t CO2/MWh] Percentage of CO2 reduction per MWh [%] Total CO2 captured or stored [Mt/y] Plant efficiency w/o capture, HHV basis [%] Plant efficiency w/capture, HHV basis [%] Efficiency penalty [%] Capture energy requirement [%more input/MWh] LCOE w/o capture [$/MWh] LCOE w/capture [$/MWh] Increase in LCOE capture only [$/MWh] Cost of CO2 captured [$/t CO2] Cost of CO2 avoided [$/t CO2] 3.2. Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture Range Low High 550 1030 0.75 0.861 0.017 0.11 90 98 3.1 5.5 38.7 42 30.1 34.1 8.1 7.9 24 29 56 68 91 121 35 53 36 67 45 73 Representative Value 684 0.83 0.08 92 3.9 39 32 8 25 64 110 46 52 62 The pre-combustion capture process covers decarbonisation by gasification or steam methane reforming of primary fuel (coal/biomass and methane, respectively), and CO2 separation. As a result, the plant produces almost pure hydrogen. The heated primary fuel flows into a gasifier reactor with air (or O2) and water (or steam), usually pressurised. After the gasification process, the syngas is mainly composed of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane. At different thermodynamic conditions (pressures and temperatures), the gas composition changes. At high tempera- tures, the content of methane drops while the percentage of CO increases. Increasing the gasification pressure, the mole fractions of methane and carbon monoxide go up. The gasification process does not sequester carbon molecules, but it converts carbona- ceous solids into a gas product with useful chemical heating value, easily treatable for contaminant removal. Several configurations can be proposed (e.g., gasifier + Water Gas Shift reactor (WGS) + Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)), but the most common technology is the Integrated Gasifi- cation Combined Cycle (IGCC). In the plant shown in Figure 4, the hydrogen produced is burnt in a gas turbine to generate electricity, and the exhaust heat from the flue gas lean of CO2 is recovered to generate steam that drives a steam turbine. The CO2 concentration of pre-combustion capture is higher than post-combustion processes, and therefore the energy required for the only CO2 separation is lower. For IGCC, the CO2 concentration can be in the range of 35–40%mol after WGS and water removal (15–25%mol if the resource is natural gas [27]) [28]. Table 2 summarized the result of new IGCC power plants with and without a pre-combustion capture system. The physical solvents (e.g., Pressure Swing Absorption (PSA) and Vacuum Pressure Swing Absorption (VPSA)) are the technology mainly used for carbon capture in IGCC plants.PDF Image | Energies 14
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