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A variety of series and parallel electrode configurations were examined to optimize scaling up of the C2CNT process. Parallel electrodes allow us to effectively utilize a larger cumulative surface area electrode in a smaller volume. This minimized C2CNT surface area to volume ratio minimizes heat loss. Series electrode arrangements allows us to convert the maximum carbon dioxide within the voltage constraints of our purchased in-lab power supply ( a 10 V DC max, 4500 A max MagnaPower MS Series Programmable DC power Supply MSA10-4500/480, to run several C2CNT CO2 to CNT electrolysis cells within the 10 volt window of the power supply). We observe that 0.135” stainless steel 304 cell makes an excellent C2CNT case material (we purchase this in 3 foot x 4 foot sections from Onlinemetals.com. We choice this 0.135” thickness only as it saves money It is the largest expensive per area, and least expensive of their thicker ss304 products). Stainless steel is substantially (an order of magnitude) less expensive than nickel. Nickel and many if its alloys are highly stable as alloys within the molten lithium carbonate and the basis of excellent C2CNT oxygen generating electrodes (anodes), but we observe that they are unstable as C2CNT case (external electrochemical body) materials, deteriorating after several days of use under hot atmospheric conditions. A major portion involves using copper as an internal material in the metal electrode sandwich to provide sufficient conductivity and prevent voltage drop during the experiment. C2CNT experiments reported here are using inexpensive (non-noble, non-precious) metals and the type of metal has a large effect on the type of carbon nanotube grown from the carbon dioxide. For example, monel cathodes generate long carbon nanotubes and copper shorter cathodes, as well as some very small, nearly spherical carbon nanotubes (carbon nan-onions) as well as a small proportion of graphene sheets. Interestingly, while the shorter carbon nanotubes, the carbon nano-onions) and graphene have a higher current market price than the longer carbon nanotubes (graphene is priced at over one $million per ton), C2CNT feels the larger and more valuable future market is in the longer carbon nanotubes for larger applications such as metal replacements and textiles. Nevertheless, we are content that the XPrize collectively recognizes these various materials as a single carbon nanotube commodity with a current market value of $140,000 per ton. Metal resistivity is not an issue with smaller and intermediate electrodes, but was a potential major challenge with large electrodes. For the same current density (current per unit area), a small metal electrode will tend to have an insignificant voltage drop due to resistance loss. However, a long or thin electrode carrying a high current has a large voltage drop. Resistance drop this could have posed design challenges (energy losses) to optimal performance of large-scale C2CNT. Copper is highly conductive, and this challenge was solved by using pure or copper-clad anodes or cathodes. There are companies which produce to order custom clad electrodes for the aerospace industry, but this was beyond our price and time range. Instead, three alternatives were considered for C2CNT (i) the use of pure copper which became our choice for the cathode, but is insufficient (nickel and nichrome are better anode choices), (ii) a sheet metal of choice riveted or screwed onto an inner copper layer, or (iii) deposition (plating) of the metal of choice onto copper. We have purchased conventional, Chicago and blind rivets made from nickel, copper, brass and monel, and they function adequately to make a conductive contact from an outer thins sheet of brass, nickel or nichrome to an inner layer of copper, but are time consuming to install by hand. In addition to the use of simple 1/8” thick copper to use the for the cathode, we chose to electroplate nickel onto the 1/8” thick copper to use as effective anodes. The nickel plating was conducted in- 8PDF Image | Xprize
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