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of oil.c Given the low fuel cost, compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) vehicles present increasingly competitive alternatives to conventional gasoline vehicles. Indeed, commercial and public sector investments in natural gas vehicle (NGV) fleets are already occurring. But to achieve wider consumer adoption, significant refueling infrastructure investments would be required and consumer concerns, such as vehicle range, would need to be addressed (see Part IV). Another area of interest lies in converting gas into liquid fuels that can be used in place of gasoline and diesel. This pathway may skirt infrastructure issues but is subject to a number of financial uncertainties (see Part IV). 2.1.2.3 Widening U.S. Gas-to-International Gas Price Spreads Natural gas markets across the globe have thus far remained localized due to the expense, and sometimes geopolitical challenges, of transporting gas over long distances, which requires extensive pipeline networks or costly liquefaction/re-gasification facilities for importing and exporting LNG. Consequently, U.S. natural gas is experiencing a significant price advantage over other international gas supplies, presenting potentially large profit opportunities even after factoring in the additional liquefaction and overseas transport costs.27 Several companies have already applied for federal regulatory approval to build LNG export facilities.28 In April 2012, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) gave its first authorization for construction of export capacity of udp to 2.6 billion cubic feet per day (bcf/d) at the existing Sabine Pass LNG terminalinLouisiana. Preliminaryanalysisofthedomesticmarketeffectsofexporting substantial volumes of LNG predicts a combination of higher domestic gas prices, increased production, reduced domestic demand, and fuel substitution. The eventual magnitude of these effects is highly dependent on the scenario assumptions.29 2.1.2.4 Immediate Coal-to-Gas Switching in the Electric Power Sector The largest near-term effect of excess natural gas supplies and low prices has been the rapid displacement of coal-generated electricity by natural gas generation. In the 1990s, the combination of electricity market and natural gas price deregulation, availability of new highly efficient natural gas combined cycle plant technology, developments in offshore production, and expectations of a substantial domestic supply increase led to the construction of a large fleet of natural gas plants.30 Since demand did not eventually grow to expected levels, this fleet of natural gas plants has been underutilized.e,31 In 2010, natural gas plants represented 39% of total c $4/MMBtu x 5.8 MMBtu/barrel of oil based on 2011 U.S. production = $23.20/barrel. (EIA. “Crude Oil Conversion Calculator.” Accessed August 29, 2012: http://www.eia.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=about_energy_conversion_calculator-basics#oilcalc.) d As of July 2012, seven other proposals for export facilities have been submitted to FERC with total export capacity of 10.65 bcf/d. Four more potential sites have been identified to FERC by project sponsors with total export capacity of 6.18 bcf/d. If approved and built, these 11 facilities plus the approved Sabine Pass terminal could provide 19.43 bcf/d (or approximately 7 tcf/year) of export capacity, equivalent to 30% of total U.S. natural gas production in 2011. (FERC. North American LNG Import/Export Terminals, Approved. FERC, 2012. Accessed August 22, 2012: http://www.ferc.gov/industries/gas/indus-act/lng/LNG-approved.pdf.; FERC. North American LNG Import/Export Terminals, Proposed/Potential. FERC, 2012. Accessed August 22, 2012: http://www.ferc.gov/industries/gas/indus- act/lng/LNG-proposed-potential.pdf.) e Natural gas plants experienced average utilization rates of 30%–40% of plant capacity between 1997 and 2008, compared to coal plant utilization rates of around 65%–75% over the same period (EIA. Electric Power Annual 2008, Table 5.2. Average Capacity Factors by Energy Source, 1997 through 2008. Accessed August 14, 2012: http://205.254.135.7/electricity/annual/archive/03482008.pdf). 8PDF Image | Opportunities Synergy Natural Gas and Renewable Energy
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