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Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 5049 2 of 22 fluid and the simpler layout of the working cycle. Nevertheless, this latter feature, compactness of the power block, does not constitute an essential difference with respect to conventional steam technology, given that the power block contributes a fairly small fraction to the land area occupied by a Concentrated Solar Power plant. On the contrary, the higher efficiency of sCO2 systems (as compared to contemporary technology) reduces the heat input needed for a given power output and thermal energy storage capacity, which translates into a smaller solar field and TES system. This turns out to be crucial for reducing both the footprint and cost of this new generation of CSP-STE systems based on sCO2. In 2011, the SunShot programme, flagship R&D instrument of the United States Department of Energy to foster the development of solar power generation, set the objective to reduce the cost of solar electricity to 6 g/kWh in 2020. This ambitious objective was already achieved in 2017 by photovoltaic technology in large-scale facilities, and it has been superseded by a much more ambitious goal of 3 g/kWh in 2030. Unfortunately, whilst PV is now cost-effective and competitive against other renewable and non-renewable technologies, even in smaller domestic applications, it looks like CSP-STE is experiencing more difficulties to meet these objectives with the technology currently available. This is where the cumulative cost reduction potential brought about by sCO2 power cycles in combination with more mature solar field and thermal energy storage technologies, along with the exploitation of economies of scale of the CSP industry, comes in to pave the way for a drastic cost reduction of Solar Thermal Electricity. Figure 1, adapted from the information made public by Solar Energy Technologies Office of the Department of Energy [1], provides this roadmap for CSP-STE technologies. Figure 1. Progress and goals for Solar Thermal Electricity set by the SunShot programme. Data obtained from [1]. 1.2. Technical Hurdles Hindering the Development of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Cycles for CSP Applications Unfortunately, even if the advent of supercritical Carbon Dioxide technologies in the beginning of the twenty-first century was seen as the perfect opportunity for a drastic cost reduction of CSP-STE, this perception has not materialised. The large research efforts needed to develop the technology, hence reducing the associated capital cost, and the much slower pace at which CSP is being deployed to the market, are hindering the construction of a first commercial (or even pre-commercial) plant demonstrating the concept. Moreover, in recent years, much more attention has been put on a seemingly unsolvable problem in the low temperature section of the sCO2 cycle, which is the thermodynamic cornerstone of the reportedly better performance of this cycle with respect to conventional steam cycles.PDF Image | Supercritical CO2 Power Solar Power Plants
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