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Figure 8. Working mechanism of the sliding mode TENG for dielectric-on-dielectric case. (a) Sketches that illustrate the electricity generation process in a full cycle of the sliding motion. (bd) Finite element simulation of the potential difference between the two electrodes at consecutive sliding displacements: (b) 0 mm (the overlapping position); (c) 41 mm (sliding halfway out); (d) 71 mm (fully sliding out). (e) Curves of the simulated potential difference ΔV (red) and transferred charge density Δσ (blue) vs the sliding displacement from 11 to 91 mm, in which the two plates fully slide out of each other at 71 mm (marked by the purple dot line). Reproduced from ref 26. Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society. here a TENG that is designed based on the in-plane sliding between the two surfaces in lateral direction.25,26 With an intensive triboelectrification facilitated by sliding friction, a periodic change in the contact area between two surfaces leads to a lateral separation of the charge centers, which creates a voltage drop for driving the flow of electrons in the external load. The sliding-induced electricity generation mechanism is schematically depicted in Figure 8a. In the original position (Figure 8aI), the two polymeric surfaces fully overlap and intimately contact with each other. Be- cause of the large difference in the ability to attract electrons, the triboelectrification will leave the nylon surface with net positive charges and the PTFE with net negative charges with equal density. Since the tribo- charges on the insulators will only distribute in the surface layer and will not be leaked out for an extended period of time, the separation between the positively charged surface and negatively charged surface is negligible at this overlapping position, and thus there will be little electric potential drop across the two electrodes. Once the top plate with the positively charged surface starts to slide outward (Figure 8aII), the in-plane charge separation is initiated due to the decrease in contact surface area. The separated charges will generate an electric field pointing from the right to the left almost parallel to the plates, inducing a higher potential at the top electrode. This potential difference will drive a current flow from the top electrode to the bottom electrode in order to generate an electric potential drop that cancels the tribo-charge-induced potential. Because the vertical distance between the electrode layer and the tribo- charged polymeric surface is negligible compared to the lateral charge separation distance, the amount of the transferred charges on the electrodes approxi- mately equals to the amount of the separated charges at any sliding displacement. Thus, the current flow will continue with the continuation of the ongoing sliding process that keeps increasing the separated charges, until the top plate fully slides out of the bottom plate and the tribo-charged surfaces are entirely separated (Figure 8aIII). The measured current should be determined by the rate at which the two plates are being slid apart. Subsequently, when the top plate is reverted to slide backward (Figure 8aIV), the separated charges begin to contact again but with no annihilation due to the insulator nature of the polymer materials. The redundant transferred charges on the electrodes will flow back through the external load with the increase of the contact area, in order to keep the electrostatic equilibrium. This will contribute to a current flow from the bottom electrode to the top electrode, along with the second half cycle of sliding. Once the two plates WANG VOL. XXX ’ NO. XX ’ 000–000 ’ XXXX J www.acsnano.org REVIEWPDF Image | Triboelectric Nanogenerators as New Energy Technology
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