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H. Jouhara et al. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 6 (2018) 268–289 Fig. 10. Run around coil system compromising a secondary heat source [44]. Fig. 11. Schematic of a plate heat exchanger [47]. Fig. 12. Single-pass configuration plate heat exchanger [58]. Fig. 13. Multi-pass configuration plate heat exchanger [58]. cycle repeats [66]. It can be shown that heat pipes have very high effective thermal conductivities. Solid conductors such as aluminium, copper, graphite, and diamond have thermal conductivities ranging from 250 to 1500 W/ m K whereas heat pipes have effective thermal conductivities in the range from 5000–200,000 W/m K [67]. Heat pipes are constructed from a range of different materials such as aluminium, copper, titanium, Monel, stainless steel, Inconel and tungsten. The choice of the material used for heat pipes largely depends on the application temperature range and the compatibility of the material with the working fluid [68]. Fig. 14. Schematic of a heat pipe [69]. As mentioned earlier, the heat pipe wick structure aids the transport of the working liquid from the condenser back to the evaporator. Various materials and techniques are used to construct the heat pipe wick structure, however as PSC [70] reports, groove, screen/woven and sintered powder metal structures are the most common. It is also re- ported that heat pipes referred to as thermosyphons are also available; they have no wick structure and work only with the aid of gravity. These heat pipes cannot be used in a horizontal orientation and should be placed vertically. Having mentioned this, heat pipes with a wick structure can operate in both horizontal and vertical orientations and do not have such a limitation. As shown in Fig. 15, screen mesh structure wicks are usually made out of copper or stainless materials and are expanded against the pipe wall to form the wick structure. Heat pipes made with this structure are capable of transporting the working fluid both horizontally and verti- cally and also against gravity at a very slight angle from the horizontal [70]. Grooved wick structures on the other hand consist of raised dents that are made perpendicular to the pipe surface by extrusion or threading processes commonly out of copper or aluminium materials. Heat pipes made with this type of structure can operate in gravity aided and horizontal orientations and similar to screen wick structures can transport liquid at a slight angle from horizontal [71]. In contrast, as ATS [72] showed in the conducted experiments, sintered copper powder structures are capable of transporting the working fluid against gravity vertically and also horizontally with not much limitation. This type of wick structure is made usually from copper powder particles that are fused together to form a sintered wick structure. Fig. 15. Common wick types of a heat pipe [73]. 274PDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery Technologies and Applications
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