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reservoir capable of supporting commercial rates of energy extraction (Figure 2-6). Although the DOE has focused on using EGS to achieve commercial electricity generation, the GeoVision analysis demonstrates that EGS can also support growth of geothermal direct-use applications such as geothermal district heating. EGS offer the opportunity to access enormous amounts of thermal energy in the Earth by drilling wells and connecting them with an engineered fracture network. Water can then be circulated to harness energy in the form of heat and convert it to electricity, district-level heating solutions, or other geothermal direct-use applications. Creating a manmade reservoir that minimizes subsurface water losses and that can sustain economic heat recovery presents challenges that will require innovative new technologies. The U.S. geothermal industry has conducted considerable research in these areas. Realizing the full potential of EGS resources will require continued early-stage research in faster, lower-cost drilling tools and methodologies; reservoir stimulation technologies to create manmade geothermal reservoirs; and new reservoir modeling tools and management approaches to ensure the sustainability of these engineered systems. These technologies will be essential to improving well productivity and lowering development costs. This could ultimately make EGS economically viable and allow the United States to capture the many potential benefits offered by EGS resources. With technology improvements, EGS could be engineered cost effectively wherever there is hot rock at accessible depths, enabling economic capture of EGS potential nationwide. The total EGS resource potential used in the GeoVision analysis was based on an assumed depth cut-off of 7 km and minimum temperature of 150°C (Figure 2-2) and estimated on that basis to be at least 5,157 gigawatts-electric (GWe)28 (Augustine 2016, Augustine et al. 2019) for power- generation purposes—nearly five times the total installed utility-scale electricity generation capacity in the United States in 2016 (1,074 GWe) (EIA 2017e). As innovative drilling and stimulation technologies enable access to greater depths and reduce drilling and engineering costs, larger volumes of high-temperature EGS resources than those considered in the GeoVision analysis could be harnessed (Augustine 2011). Economic EGS reservoirs could also support vast geothermal direct-use market potential. Data from Mullane et al. 2016 and Beckers and Young 2017 estimate an EGS-based resource of roughly 15 million terawatt-hours-thermal (TWhth) available to homes and businesses through geothermal district heating—a key direct-use technology application and focus area for the GeoVision analysis. Compared to a total U.S. annual energy consumption of 1,754 TWhth29 for residential and commercial space heating, this EGS-based resource is theoretically sufficient to heat every U.S. home and commercial building for at least 8,500 years (EIA 2009, EIA 2012). Practical potential, however, is constrained by technical and economic factors. Research and development progress has been made for EGS, but the technology is still in the early stages of implementation and full commercialization is likely to be more than a decade away (Ziagos et al. 2013). The GeoVision analysis accounts for practical limitations in its estimates of EGS potential for both the electric and non-electric sectors. 28 Gigawatts-electric is power available in the form of electricity generated from the conversion of heat or other potential energy. 29 The 1,754 TWhth annual energy consumption was estimated as the summation of the most recent data available from the EIA’s 2009 Residential Energy Consumption Survey and 2012 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey. Chapter 2 | What is Geothermal Energy? 19 Technologies that support longer-term economic EGS resource capture can provide significant near-term value. Results are likely to include the economic and reliable conversion of subcommercial conventional wells to useful injection or production wells. This can benefit existing geothermal installations and future development of conventional hydrothermal resources by decreasing the costs and risks associated with drilling and developing conventional hydrothermal wells. Chapter 2PDF Image | What is Geothermal Energy
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