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Geothermal steam turbine blades. Photo credit: Betsy Phillips 2.1.2.1 In-Field, Near-Field, and Deep Enhanced Geothermal Systems EGS include a spectrum of resources—from low-permeability resources within existing conventional hydrothermal locations, called “in-field” resources, to previously unexplored and undeveloped “deep” resources (Figure 2-3). Developing EGS and deploying EGS-enabling technologies is expected to happen in stages along this resource spectrum. The GeoVision analysis assumes the progression described in this section: from in-field to near-field to deep-EGS deployment. Initial EGS resource development and EGS technology deployment will likely occur with in-field resources, at the sites of existing conventional hydrothermal projects. In conventional hydrothermal development, resource uncertainties occasionally result in the completion of non-productive wells. In-field EGS resource development would apply EGS technologies to these sub-commercial wells, enabling their conversion from stranded to producing assets. EGS technologies could engineer connections from initially sub-economic wells to a productive, conventional reservoir, making heat recovery from additional volumes of hot rock both possible and cost effective. In this way, application of EGS technologies could capture additional resource volumes not part of the initial development, as well as decrease the costs and risks associated with drilling and developing conventional hydrothermal wells. The existing geothermal industry has implemented the in-field EGS approach with varying degrees of success. The most promising results thus far have emerged from innovative well stimulation combined with other improved EGS technologies. These results indicate an opportunity to continue to improve EGS technology, increase rates of success, and capture additional in-field EGS resources. Examples of this are detailed in Doughty et al. 2018 and include DOE-funded EGS demonstration projects at the Northwest Geysers (California) (Garcia et al. 2016), Desert Peak (Nevada) (Chabora et al. 2012), Brady’s Hot Springs (Nevada) (Drakos and Akerley 2015), and Raft River (Idaho) (Bradford et al. 2015, Bradford et al. 2016), as well as commercial success at Soda Lake (California) (Lovekin et al. 2017). Once improved technologies enable the industry to consistently and reliably capture in-field EGS resources, the next likely stage for EGS development would be in the near-field environment, or the zones of hot rock extending beyond the margins of conventional geothermal resources. The areas around existing hydrothermal systems are typically hot as a result of the nearby thermal anomaly and are relatively well characterized, but lack permeability and a connected fracture network. Applying improved technology to near-field EGS resources expands the ability to harness additional resources beyond the in-field environment. In-field and near-field EGS present the most readily available opportunities for EGS developments because the majority of the critical power-generating infrastructure is already in place and operational. The progression from reliable capture of in-field EGS resources to repeatable success in near-field EGS environments is likely to produce a major step-change in EGS development rates. As EGS subsurface engineering techniques are refined, the expectation is that they will be applied to the final stage of EGS development: at least 5,157 GWe of stand- alone, deep-EGS resources (Augustine et al. 2019). The GeoVision analysis envisages that developers can 20 Chapter 2 | What is Geothermal Energy? Chapter 2PDF Image | What is Geothermal Energy
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