PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 006
Molecules 2017, 22, 403 5 of 21 Besides the dangers regarding working safety when handling spent lithium ion batteries or shredded recycling waste, the fluorinated compounds and hydrofluoric acid can interfere or damage industrial scaled recycling processes and therefore have to be removed before the recycling process by extraction [104]. For post-mortem analysis and aging analysis of LIB electrolytes, extraction is inevitable, as well. While the electrolyte is introduced as a liquid during cell assembly, it penetrates and immobilizes in the electrodes during electrochemical operation (Figure 3). Thus, an opened LIB appears in most of the cases as “dry” after electrochemical operation. Figure 3. Schematic sketch of an aged lithium ion battery (LIB) and strategies for electrolyte recovery. CEI: cathode electrolyte interphase; SEI: solid electrolyte interphase. Direct sampling of the electrolyte from a LIB, whenever possible, is the method of choice. However, it is seldom applicable. The extraction with an appropriate solvent can yield quantitative results but significant amounts of the electrode material are extracted as well and will be present as impurities. The extraction with sub- and supercritical CO2 in comparison can yield quantitative results without a dilution factor. 4. Recycling of Lithium Ion Batteries Electrolytes Lab-scale and commercial LIB recycling processes are focused on the recovery of the heavy metals (Ni, Co and Mn) and lithium itself from the cathode active material or on the current collectors, which consist of copper and aluminum [105–107]. The electrolyte is not recovered but simply combusted or disposed during the process or the handling of the electrolytes is not mentioned at all in the literature [108–110]. However, due to the directive 2006/66/EC from the European Parliament and the Council >50 wt % of LIB cell materials have to be recycled. The weight fraction of an electrolyte in a LIB cell is around 10–15 wt %, depending on the cell chemistry and geometry. The first approach for electrolyte recovery was the extraction with an appropriate regular solvent [108]. Nevertheless, general recycling procedures always referenced to the already published articles and procedures for electrolyte recycling [111–114]. Sloop et al. were the first to propose the application of supercritical carbon dioxide as an extraction medium for LIB electrolytes [115]. However, the given information about extraction conditions and the resulting extraction behavior is limited. In addition, the supercritical extraction procedure was not reported to be applied in a real recycling process, and not even on the lab-scale. However, compared to solvent extractions, the recycling efficiency with regard to the used amount of kg/CO2 per kg/shredded material is in the same region for the reported methods. Since spent LIBs are primarily from portable consumer applications and therefore only possess a limited amount of recyclable materials, the established pyro-hydrometallurgical recycling strategy by Umicore AG & Co. KG (Brussels, Belgium) is currently the most economic process [116]. Nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries and LIBs are delivered to a furnace and molten at temperatures of up to 1450 °C. With the help of co-added slag formers, Ni, Co and Cu form an alloy, while Li, Fe, MnPDF Image | CO2 for Recycling and Sample Preparation of Lithium Ion Battery
PDF Search Title:
CO2 for Recycling and Sample Preparation of Lithium Ion BatteryOriginal File Name Searched:
molecules-22-00403.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |