PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 003
Energies 2018, 11, 217 3 of 26 Within this contribution battery operation strategies in an HEA aircraft are discussed on the example of a regional aircraft. This is due to three reasons. First, a large market growth is predicted for regional aircraft with more than 60 PAX—6000 new deliveries until 2033 [18]. Second, this segment has a significant environmental impact with 14% of total aviation CO2 emission [19]. Third, the length of typical flight profiles is limited compared to short-to-medium-haul flights. The longer the flight the more important is the energy density of the energy storage device to fulfill the mission requirements [20]. The combination of power and energy requirements for shorter, regional flights promises to provide more insights in the battery design. The fuel efficient regional aircraft, ATR 72 [21], with 70 PAX is chosen as a reference aircraft. A sophisticated OAD model is developed to investigate the influence of HEA on the design parameters. A promising aircraft architecture is selected and an overview of the state-of-the-art technology is given first. Then, a propulsion operation strategy and the aircraft design model for HEA are defined. The simulation results for different batteries are analyzed and the impact of the battery sizing on the OAD is described. Finally, the environmental impact is clarified in form of sensitivity studies on the CO2 emissions. 2. Propulsion Technology In this section, an overview of the state-of-the-art in hybrid technologies and aircraft propulsion is given. The propulsion operation strategy which is needed for the simulation of an OAD is defined. Figures of merit are introduced to analyze the effects of introducing hybrid electric propulsion in aircraft. 2.1. Propulsion Architecture The hybridization of the propulsion system enables new propulsion architectures that lever additional aerodynamic improvements. An extreme example is the distributed propulsion concept with more than ten propulsors [22] The new arrangement of propulsors can lead to better aerodynamic lift properties of the wing [12]. A variation of this concept is an architecture with two electric-driven wingtip propellers and a conventionally placed gas turbine on each wing (Figure 1). This wingtip propeller architecture described by DLR [15] and NASA [13] promises better lift properties of the aircraft and limited weight as well as cost increases. A larger number of engines can lead to lower oversizing factors of the power rating for each propulsor which is sized due to the one engine inoperative (OEI) case. Figure 1. Schematic wingtip propeller architecture for an ATR-72.PDF Image | Design of Operation Strategies for Hybrid Electric Aircraft
PDF Search Title:
Design of Operation Strategies for Hybrid Electric AircraftOriginal File Name Searched:
energies-11-00217-v2.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |