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Energies 2021, 14, 365 8 of 13 PCM Type Mg Al Hydrated salt (HS1) Hydrated salt (HS2) Composition Commercial purity Commercial purity Na2CO3 Na2CO3 + K2CO3 + Li2CO3 Melting Point (◦C) 648 661 640 687 Latent Heat Density (kJ/kg) (kg/m3) 365 1740 388 2700 338 2380 300 2450 Thermal Conductivity Cost Table 2. Main properties of the PCM selected for the parametric analysis. Data from [20,21,30]. (€/kg) 157 2.5 236 2.3 0.559 0.25 0.557 0.25 (W/m K) Design Parameter Mass of PCM (kg) Volume of PCM (m3) Cost of the PCM (€) Discharging+charging cycle (h) Discharging/charging ratio nocycles—Daily cycles (cycles/day) Preheated combustion air temperature (◦C) Esaved—Energy saved (MJ/cycle) PCM-Mg PCM-Al 3877 3647 2.23 1.35 9691 8388 0.07 0.06 0.21 0.19 303 407 589 601 17.8 12.7 PCM-HS1 PCM-HS2 4186 4716 1.76 1.93 1047 1179 7.5 8.4 0.27 0.22 3.20 2.85 582 625 2079 2114 3.3. PCM-TES Sizing and MRP Performance The tool is capable of determining the most relevant sizing parameters according to the methodology previously presented, taking into account thermo-physical and economic properties of the selected PCMs shown in Table 2. The parameters were calculated consider- ing size specifications detailed in the section above based on a shell-and-tube configuration with the PCM encapsulated in double concentric tubes and to fulfil an energy demand of 393 kWh/h by the PCM-TES. In Table 3, the parametric analysis results regarding design, cost, and performance of the application of a PCM-TES equipment to recover and store are presented and were conducted by the pre-feasibility and replication tool. Table 3. Main design, performance, and costs parameters from the parametric analysis. It was observed that metals and alloys required less mass due to its high storage capacity. The resulting PCM volumes were all between 1.35 and 2.23 m3; the aluminium presented the lowest volume due to its high density, which would involve much more compact PCM-TES system (60% volume reduction). This fact would allow a reduction in costs, while more significant volumes are usually related to higher construction and material cost investment. Regarding the PCM costs, the metal alloys are much more expensive than the hydrated salts materials. Conversely, the hydrated salts required much longer charging and discharging stages (approximately 5–10 h per cycle) to cover the energy demand in this case study. The maximum cycles that the PCM-TES system could undergo every day were very grated due to the short periods in which the metal alloys were involved, mainly thanks to these materials’ great thermal conductivity. Another parameter was the ratio between the discharging and the charging time as a representation of how long the PCM benefits could last, the hydrated salts showing an overall higher ratio. Thus, the cycle time and the combustion air temperature achieved at the PCM-TES system’s outlet (which depended on the melting temperature of the selected PCM) strongly influenced the energy saved per cycle and day. The energy saved per cycle was much higher in the hydrated salts, while the PCMs based on metal and alloys could charge and discharge vast amounts of heat in short periods. Thus, the possible number of cycles performed per day was over 300 times. This property is also related to the systems’ flexibility potential, being more adaptative in the metallic PCMs. In this sense, the type of PCM should be adequatelyPDF Image | Latent Heat Storage for Waste Heat Recovery in the Energy Industry
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