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Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 773 Nanomaterials 2019, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 35 3 of 35 (a) Figure 1. (a)TThheemmajaojroirnivnevnetniotniosnins tihnethiesthorisytorfymoecfhmaneicchaalnenicearlgeyn-heargrvye-shtainrvgetsetcihnngotleocghyn. o(blo)gEyn.er(bgy) Erenqeurgiryedrefqourivreadriofoursvdaervioicuesdaetviacreisouatsvpaorwioeursspcaolwese.r scales. Nanomaterials 2019, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 35 So far, there are several ambient energy-harvesting techniques that have been utilized based on the piezoelectric effect, triboelectric effect, pyroelectric effect, and electromagnetic induction, which converts mechanical energy into electricity. Nanogenerators are an evolving energy-harvesting technology that can harvest various classes of mechanical energy such as human motion (i.e., walking, breathing, running, heartbeat), vibration, flowing water, raindrops, and wind; even waste heat can be converted into electricity (pyroelectric effect). The first nanogenerator was developed by Wang et al. in the year 2006 using ZnO nanowires based on the piezoelectric effect, which has a power conversion efficiency of 17–30% [8]. There are some available techniques like traditional cantilever-based resonators and transducers to convert mechanical vibrations into electricity but they work effectively for high-frequency vibrations only; on other hand, nanogenerators can be made at nanoscale so that they can effectively harvest the low-frequency mechanical vibrations. In the case of ZnO nanowires, it can be bent more than the bulk ZnO without any damage, making it possible to withstand more strain, and so generates more electricity [8,9]. The different types of nanogenerators and their applications are illustrated in Figure 2. The nanogenerators have shown higher potential and several innovative platforms for mechanical energy harvesting and self-power sensing and monitoring. As technology is growing, there is also a sharp increase in the number of publications in the field of nanogenerators. As per the source of Science Direct database, there are around 469 publications in the year 2018 alone, which is 1.5 times higher when compared to 2017. Figure 3 shows a steady increase in the growth of research in the field of nanogenerators. Figure 2. Different types of nanogenerators and their applications in the era of the Internet of Figure 2. Different types of nanogenerators and their applications in the era of the Internet of Things PyENG Things (IoT). (IoT). 500 TENG 450 400 350 (b) cations PENGPDF Image | Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power Source
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