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2006; Gutierrez, Lobo et al. 2008). These research studies have shown that ceramic membranes perform better than polymeric membranes on oil-containing waters. Ceramic membranes also have been employed commercially to treat oil produced water (Wallace 2005). Ceramic membranes are employed as part of a large treatment train consisting of a multiple unit process at the Wellington Water Works to treat oilfield produced water. Energy requirements for ceramic membranes are lower than those required for polymeric membranes. Infrastructure requirements for ceramic membranes are similar to other membrane processes and include a break tank for the feed water, a feed pump, a rack for holding the membrane modules, a chemical metering system if necessary, a tank for the filtrate water, and a pump and valves for the backwash and cleaning systems. Ceramic membranes have a higher capital cost than polymeric membranes. The use of ceramic membranes is increasing as more research and pilot studies are conducted. The capital cost of ceramic membranes will continue to decrease as they become a more widely used technology. Ceramic membranes do require frequent backwashes; backwash waste will require disposal. If ceramic membranes are operated in a cross-flow mode, then there will be a residual process stream requiring disposal. 6.1.11.2 Polymeric MF/UF Membrane Polymeric MF/UF membranes are made from materials like polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyvinylidene (PVDF). Because there is a large market for polymeric ultrafiltration membranes, there are many vendors and suppliers for these membranes. They also are relatively inexpensive. Typically, package systems are purchased and installed by the vendor. An important consideration for polymeric MF/UF membranes is integrity testing to ensure that the membrane is not damaged and is operating properly. Typically, the filtrate turbidity is monitored to give a rough indication of membrane integrity. Membrane integrity can be tested through a pressure decay test. In this test, pressurized air is applied to the membranes at a pressure less than would cause the air to flow through the membrane, and the pressure decay is measured. Regular monitoring of membrane performance is necessary to ensure that the membrane system is operating at the most effective loading rate and backwash regime. Membrane life typically is estimated at 7+ years with manufacturer warranties covering 5 years in municipal applications. Product water is free of suspended solids. DOC removal is approximately 10%. Nearly all nondissolved organic carbon is removed, with 95% hydrocarbon removal—85–100% depending on feed water quality and mode of operation (dead-end versus crossflow). Waste includes pretreatment waste, backwash flow, retentate flow (if applicable), and CIP waste. Waste streams are either discharged to the sewer or treated if 83PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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