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Produced Water White Paper 53 5.2.4.1 Examples of Use of Produced Water for Irrigation Wyoming: ALL (2003) provides two case examples from Wyoming of irrigation using CBM water. The first project was conducted by Fidelity Exploration and Production. They irrigated livestock forage using pure CBM water on some plots and CBM water blended with surface water on other plots. Both pure and blended irrigation water created adequate crop production. When pure CBM water was used, it needed to be applied at a higher rate because the plants could not utilize it as efficiently as the surface water. The second project was conducted by Williams, a CBM producer. Large land were irrigated areas that previously had supported only the local drought-tolerant vegetation. Following irrigation with CBM produced water, the land was able to support healthy grass crops to serve as feed for livestock. Williams provided gypsum and other soil supplements between waterings to counteract the high SAR in the produced water. A third project is described by DeJoia (2002). CBM produced water was used in a managed irrigation project. After two years of applying soil amendments and CBM water, the test sites were converted from overgrazed range land to highly productive grasslands with both livestock and wildlife benefits. California: Brost (2002) describes a complex system used by ChevronTexaco to treat produced water in the Kern River field in central California. The treatment system provides about 480,000 bpd of water that is used for irrigation of fruit trees and other crops and for recharging shallow aquifers. An additional 360,000 bpd of water is further purified and used to make steam at a cogeneration facility. Powder River Basin (state not specified): Paetz and Maloney (2002) describe a project using 12,500 bpd of CBM water to irrigate 100 acres of arid land to produce a forage crop using a carefully managed approach. The project successfully produced, harvested, and sold the forage crop. 5.2.5 Industrial Uses of Produced Water In areas where traditional surface and groundwater resources are scarce, produced water may be substituted in various industrial practices as long as the quality of the produced water meets the needs of the industrial process with or without treatment. Produced water is already being used for several industrial uses and may be suitable for others. These are discussed in this section.PDF Image | Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil
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