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Table 7.1 Project capacity factors and weighted averages of bioenergy power generation projects by country/region, 2000-2019 BIOENERGY 2000-2019 5th percentile (%) Weighted average (%) 95th percentile (%) China 39 64 83 Europe 46 81 92 India 30 67 85 North America 37 78 94 Rest of the world 30 65 91 Source: IRENA Renewable Cost Database. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS Fixed O&M costs include labour, insurance, scheduled maintenance and routine replacement of plant components, such as boilers, gasifiers, feedstock handling equipment and other items. In total, these O&M costs account for between 2% and 6% of the total installed costs per year. Large bioenergy power plants tend to have lower per kW fixed O&M costs, due to economies of scale. Variable O&M costs, at an average of USD 0.005/ kWh, are usually low for bioenergy power plants, when compared to fixed O&M costs. Replacement parts and incremental servicing costs are the main components of variable O&M costs, although these also include non-biomass fuel costs, such as ash disposal. Due to its project-specific nature and the limited availability of data, variable O&M costs have been merged in this report with fixed O&M costs. LEVELISED COST OF ELECTRICITY The wide range of bioenergy-fired power generation technologies, installed costs, capacity factors and feedstock costs result in a wide range of observed LCOEs for bioenergy-fired electricity. Figure 7.6 summarises the estimated LCOE range for biomass power generation technologies by feedstock and country/region where the IRENA Renewable Cost Database has sufficient data to provide meaningful insights. Assuming a cost of capital of between 7.5% and 10% and feedstock costs between USD 1/Gigajoule (GJ) and USD 9/GJ (the LCOE calculations in this report are based on an average of USD 1.5/GJ), the global weighted-average LCOE of biomass-fired electricity generation for projects commissioned in 2019 was USD 0.066/kWh, down from USD 0.076/kWh in 2010. Looking at the full dataset for the period from 2000 to 2019, the lowest weighted-average LCOE of biomass-fired electricity generation was found in India at USD 0.057kWh, while the 5th and 95th percentile values were USD 0.040/kWh and USD 0.097/kWh (Figure 7.6). The highest weighted- average for this period was USD 0.099/kWh in North America, where the 5th and 95th percentiles of projects fell between USD 0.048/kWh and USD 0.180/kWh. The weighted average LCOE of bioenergy projects in China was USD 0.059/kWh, where the 5th and 95th percentiles of projects fell between USD 0.044/kWh and USD 0.116/kWh. The weighted average in Europe over this period was USD 0.08/kWh, and USD 0.069/kWh in the rest of the world. Bioenergy can provide very competitive electricity where capital costs are relatively low and low-cost feedstocks are available. Indeed, this technology can provide dispatchable electricity generation with an LCOE as low as around USD 0.04/kWh. The most competitive projects make use of agricultural or forestry residues already available at industrial processing sites, where marginal 117PDF Image | RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS IN 2019
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