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0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 China Bagasse 95th percentile 5th percentile Biomass energy Wood waste Europe Black liquor Pulp and paper residues Renewable municipal waste Rice husks Energy crops Fuelwood Industrial waste India North America Rest of the world Landfill gas 118 RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS 2019 feedstock costs are minimal, or even zero. Where onsite industrial process steam or heat loads are required, bioenergy CHP systems can reduce the LCOE for electricity to as little as USD 0.03/kWh, depending on the alternative costs for heat or steam available to the site.32 Even higher-cost projects in certain developing countries can be attractive, however, because they provide security of supply in conditions where brownouts and blackouts can be particularly problematic for the efficiency of industrial processes. Projects using low-cost feedstocks such as agricultural or forestry residues, or the residues from processing agricultural or forestry products, tend to have the lowest LCOE’s. For projects in the IRENA Renewable Cost Database, the weighted average project LCOE by feedstock is USD 0.06/kWh or less for projects using black liquor, primary solid bioenergy (typically wood or wood chips), renewable municipal solid waste and other vegetal and agricultural waste. Projects relying on municipal waste come with high capacity factors and are generally an economic source of electricity, however, the LCOE for projects in North America is significantly higher than the average. Given that these projects have been developed mostly to solve waste management issues, though, and not primarily for the competitiveness of their electricity production, this is not necessarily an impediment to their viability. In Europe, such projects also sometimes supply heat either to local industrial users, or district heating networks, with the revenues from these sales bringing the LCOE below what is presented here. Many of the higher cost projects in Europe and North America using municipal solid waste as a Figure 7.6 LCOE by project and weighted averages of bioenergy power generation projects by feedstock and country/region, 2000-2019 Other biogases from anaerobic fermentation Other primary solid biomass Other vegetal and agricultural waste Source: IRENA Renewable Cost Database. Capacity (MW) ≤ 1 100 200 ≥ 300 32 This is an area of weakness of the data available to IRENA, as in many cases the details of any onsite heat use or sales is not readily available. Future work by IRENA will focus on research that will try and collect this information for a greater number of projects. Until that time, these LCOE values should be consider upper ranges, as an increased heat credit would materially reduce weighted-average LCOE values. 2019 USD/kWhPDF Image | RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS IN 2019
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