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List of Figures Figure 1 Unit Sales of HEVs, PHEVs and BEVs Sold in the US (2011-2018).......................................................4 Figure 2: Total EV Sales in the US in 2018 (%) ..................................................................................................5 Figure 3: Estimated EV Batteries at End-of-Life in the US 2019 to 2030..........................................................9 Figure 4 End-of-Life Options for EV Batteries................................................................................................12 Figure 5 Cathode Trends in Lithium Battery Megafactories, 2016 to 2028...................................................14 Figure 6 Projected Share of Different Li-Ion Battery Chemistries by 2025....................................................15 Figure 7 Effect of Change in EV Battery Chemistry on Costs of EV Batteries ................................................18 Figure 8 Li-ion Battery Pack Price Outlook to 2030 (real 2018 $/kWh) ........................................................19 Figure 9 EV Battery Pack Cost Projections from a Variety of Technical Studies and Automaker Statements39.................................................................................................................................................. 19 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Low-Grade Manganese Ores ..........................................................................................................................64 Forklifts Using EV Batteries from Audi EVs ....................................................................................23 Volkswagen Portable EV Charging Station.....................................................................................23 Audi’s Battery Storage Unit on Berlin EUREF Campus...................................................................24 Potential Conversion of EV Batteries to Energy Storage Systems by 2025 ...................................27 Energy Storage Facility Using Chevrolet Volt Batteries at GM Facility in Milford, Michigan ........28 US Davis Energy Storage System....................................................................................................29 Reused EV Batteries Power a 7-Eleven Store in Japan ..................................................................30 Speirs New Technologies Watt Tower ...........................................................................................33 Cost Components for a Repurposed EV Battery in the EU in 2030 ...............................................38 Schematic of Hoboken, Belgium Umicore Facility Process............................................................55 Tesla’s Closed Loop Vision for its Battery Life Cycle ......................................................................59 Tesla Battery Recycling Program in Reno, Nevada ........................................................................60 American Manganese Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide Recovery Pilot Plant (by Kemetco) for Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30 Facilities (June, 2019)......................................................................................................................................73 Figure 31 Details of Li-Cycle Techology..........................................................................................................75 Figure 32 Neometals Li-ion Battery Value Chain Analysis in 2016 ($US/kWh) .............................................78 Figure 33 Cash Flow Projections for 1,200 Ton per Year Plant Recycling Different EV Battery Cathode Chemistries .....................................................................................................................................................80 Figure 34 Element Energy Business Model Concept for Battery Recyclers ..................................................82 Figure 35 Factors That Impact on Costs of Recycling EV Batteries................................................................82 KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES American Manganese Battery Recycling Flow Sheet ....................................................................65 Outputs from American Manganese EV Battery Recycling Process ..............................................66 Location of Battery Recycling Project Within Neometals Corporate Structure.............................68 Neometals Pilot Plant ....................................................................................................................69 Neometals Process Flow Chart For Proposed Plant.......................................................................70 Schematic and Layout for Future Neometals EV Battery Recycling Plant ....................................71 Key Highlights of Neometals Scoping Study for a Lithium Battery Recycling Plant (June, 2019) .73 High-level Flow Sheet for Neometals Feed Preparation and Hydrometallurgical Processing FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 8PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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