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Some small operators assess spent batteries and create a new battery from the packs and cells that have sufficient capacity remaining. These refurbished batteries are typically sold on eBay and other websites. Battery OEMs such as Panasonic and others have serious concerns about liability and safety, especially where the cell history is not known. Combining cells of different age and degradation into one pack without a proper battery management system (BMS) and proper ventilation can lead to over-heating and eventually potentially cause fires. A number of professional and established companies (such as Spiers New Technologies (SNT) described in detail later in this section) carry out a systematic process to grade the cells and packs from EVs for various applications, including in EV batteries. Nissan takes back all spent EV batteries for its Leaf model in Japan for testing and refurbishment. The company rationale is that a refurbished battery is good for a vehicle with a few years of life left, and Nissan provides this option for customer retention. A new Leaf battery is reported to cost about $6,50055 and Nissan offers refurbished batteries in Japan for a cost of $2,900.56 However, this option does not appear to be available in North America at this time. Honda was contacted as part of the research to ask if they have plans to repurpose EV batteries in North America, but declined a request for an interview or responding to questions by email for confidentiality reasons. Other industry players interviewed for the project indicated that GM also creates new EV batteries from cells harvested from EOL EV batteries. However, this could not be confirmed through direct contact with GM representatives. 4.2.2 ReuseofIndividualBatteryCells Reuse of EV battery cells is carried out by reliable companies such as Spiers New Technologies (SNT) Inc. and IT Asset Partners (ITAP) (described in detail later in this section), but also by small or individual operators who carry out their businesses with no standards or oversight. As an example, a Tesla battery consists of over 7,000 separate 18650 cells (named for its size: 18 mm in diameter and 65 mm high) combined into packs, which are then combined to form the battery along with the BMS. Tesla designed the original EV battery to be made up of standard sized cells that were readily available in the market, so that there would not be a risk of a shortage of cells for their batteries. Battery OEMs manufacture “billions” of the standard 18620 cells each year for a broad range of applications including laptops, etc., therefore there is a significant market for reconditioned cells. Some amateur operators will take apart a Tesla battery, test and sell the cells separately for $5 to 55 “Nissan LEAF batteries replacement program launched in Japan; remanufactured and new.” January 8, 2019.PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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