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$6/cell. In theory, if 80% of the cells are in good condition, these amateurs could make $15,000 from a used Tesla battery. These operators are of significant concern to Panasonic, the manufacturer of Tesla’s cells, because of the risk and liability associated with distribution of cells without proper standards and management. There are already serious concerns about vaping equipment and e-cigarettes exploding and injuring consumers. The reason is that the device, BMS and batteries for the vaping equipment are manufactured by different companies and are not fully integrated. A reused cell could easily be purchased for vaping or other applications and cause injury. 4.2.3 Reuse in Energy Storage Systems Energy storage systems (ESS) provide numerous benefits to the power grid including system peak shaving, load management, back-up power, frequency regulation and many other applications. Energy storage also secures the viability of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, as ESSs allow generated energy to be stored for later use. For this reason, at least 11 US states have mandated energy storage as part of the power system development on a go-forward basis. State level policy actions on energy storage include setting procurement mandates, establishing incentives, and requiring incorporation of storage into long-term planning mechanisms. States that are subsidizing storage and/or mandating its adoption, or that have set targets for energy storage include: Maryland, New Jersey, Nevada, Oregon, New York and Massachusetts. In 2013, California set a mandate for its investor- owned utilities to procure 1,325 MW of energy storage across transmission, distribution and customer levels by 2020. There is currently 0.4 GWh of energy storage in California. An estimated 85% of this energy storage is supplied by li-ion batteries. The earliest large-scale battery storage installations in the US used nickel cadmium (NiCd) batteries and sodium-based batteries. Lead-acid batteries were also used for many years, and continue to be used in many ESSs, as electrical utility operators are comfortable with them. Since 2011, most installations have opted for li-ion batteries. Today, greater than 80% of US large scale battery storage power capacity is provided by li-ion batteries. Installed power capacity through energy storage has nearly doubled every two years since 2011, and by 2017, 708MW was in operation in the US. Use of EOL EV batteries in ESSs can reportedly extend the life of the EV battery or some of its cells for a time period of anywhere from six to 15 years or more depending on the exact application. EV batteries could be used to create home storage systems similar to the Tesla Powerwall, which provides back-up power during power outages, and can store energy produced by solar systems for later use in the house, or to feed back into the electric grid at peak pricing times. Figure 13 shows projections of EV battery conversions to home ESSs globally between now and 2025. The prediction was carried out in 2016 and is now considered somewhat out of date. KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 26PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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