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Energies 2017, 10, 413 8 of 26 applied to applications that require high levels of customization such as geothermal and industrial wasted heat, where integration costs are inevitably considerably higher. For the aforementioned reasons, although such costs for commercial systems can be as high as 10%, installation costs are not considered in the current analysis. It has been considered that the ORC companies install the plant at the specific cost identified in Figure 1 and that they sell it at a price that guarantees a payback period of three years to the end user. Therefore, the revenue for the ORC companies is calculated as the difference between the price at which they sell the ORC plant to the end user and the cost of production determined using the data in Figure 1. Figure 5a–d reports the results of the analysis. 3000 2000 1000 0 -1000 -2000 -3000 Case 1 Italy Case 2 Case 3 5 10 20 50 100 200 Specific Power [kW] 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 -500 -1000 -1500 -2000 -2500 Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Germany 5 10 20 50 100 200 Specific Power [kW] (a) (b) 1500 1000 500 0 -500 -1000 -1500 -2000 -2500 United Kingdom Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 500 0 -500 -1000 -1500 -2000 -2500 Case 1 France Case 2 Case 3 5 10 20 50 100 200 Specific Power [kW] 5 10 20 50 100 200 Specific Power [kW] (c) (d) Figure 5. Revenues from the installation of an ORC plant in Italy (a); Germany (b); United Kingdom (c) and France (d) with a three-year payback period for the end user. As expected, the revenue for the ORC companies is greater in those countries where the price of the electricity and the incentives are higher. Figure 5 highlights the minimum plant size at which an income is guaranteed to the ORC company, in case it succeeds in producing the system at the specific cost identified by the trend line of Figure 1. Each case will now be analysed independently: in Case 1, the revenue obtained by the ORC company is calculated considering an initial investment cost, based on the data depicted in Figure 1. Assuming that the ORC plant operates 7446 h/year and that the end-user saves an amount of money that depends on the cost of the electricity in the country of interest (see Figure 4), the revenue is calculated as the difference between the actualized savings in the energy bill in the first three years of operation of the plant and the initial investment cost. For example, in Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom, an ORC company would benefit from producing ORC plants with a power output above 10 kW (see Figure 5a–c), while in France, an ORC company would make no profit for the installation of ORC plants of power output below 100 kW (see Figure 5d). In fact, the cost of electricity in France is lower with respect to that of the other countries under investigation (see Figure 4), which leads to lower savings on the energy bill. Case 2 considers the installation of an ORC plant to produce electricity from the exhaust gas of a stationary engine. It has been assumed that the electricity produced is sold back to the grid Revenue [€/kW] Revenue [€/kW] Revenue [€/kW] Revenue [€/kW]PDF Image | Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)
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