Two Inch Supercritical CO2 Micro Turbine Performance at 100 C, 300 C, 500 C, and 700 C

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Two Inch Supercritical CO2 Micro Turbine Performance at 100 C, 300 C, 500 C, and 700 C

Overview

Scaling the one inch concept to a two inch diameter supercritical CO2 (sCO2) turbine increases inlet annulus area and mass flow roughly in proportion to radius, assuming the same blade height and throughflow velocity. With similar stage loading and efficiency, shaft power scales nearly linearly with radius. Below are realistic, first pass net power estimates and cycle heat rate ranges for a two inch radial inflow sCO2 micro turbine intended to drive a small generator.

Design Basis and Scaling Notes

Turbine outer diameter: 50.8 mm (two inches)

Inlet radius: 25.4 mm

Inlet blade height: about 0.5 mm (kept the same as the one inch study)

Inlet annulus area equals 2 times pi times radius times height. Doubling radius approximately doubles flow area and mass flow for the same inlet velocity.

Inlet total pressure: about 150 bar

Representative turbine isentropic efficiency: about 70 percent

Whole cycle allowances for leakage, pressure losses, generator, and controls are included in the quoted net figures

Heat sink: about 40 C

Because we kept blade height and inlet velocity the same as in the one inch case, net power results are approximately doubled. Heat rate primarily depends on temperature lift and cycle layout, so the ranges remain similar.

Estimated Net Power Output

100 C inlet: about 12 kilowatts net

300 C inlet: about 14 kilowatts net

500 C inlet: about 16 kilowatts net

700 C inlet: about 17 kilowatts net

Notes

1. These values assume carefully designed passages for sCO2, tight clearances, and an efficient volute and diffuser.

2. Actual allowable speed is set by rim stress and tip Mach limits; those constraints are respected in the scaling from the one inch baseline.

3. A larger diameter tends to reduce relative leakage and tip-clearance fractions, so there is modest upside beyond simple scaling if the mechanical design is optimized.

Heat Rate in BTU per Kilowatt

Heat rate is the heat input required per unit of net electrical output. Conversion uses 1 kWh equals 3412 BTU. Ranges reflect realistic whole-cycle performance for compact recuperated sCO2 systems at small scale with a 40 C sink.

100 C source

Practical cycle efficiency: about 6 to 12 percent

Heat rate: about 28,500 to 57,000 BTU per kilowatt

300 C source

Practical cycle efficiency: about 20 to 30 percent

Heat rate: about 11,400 to 17,100 BTU per kilowatt

500 C source

Practical cycle efficiency: about 35 to 45 percent

Heat rate: about 7,600 to 9,750 BTU per kilowatt

700 C source

Practical cycle efficiency: about 45 to 55 percent

Heat rate: about 6,200 to 7,600 BTU per kilowatt

Notes

1. Heat rate is largely insensitive to small geometric scaling but highly sensitive to recuperator effectiveness, compressor map fit, and cooler outlet temperature.

2. Expect slightly better real heat rates than these midpoints if the two inch machine achieves lower relative leakage and higher recuperator effectiveness than the one inch baseline.

Key Takeaways

Doubling diameter from one inch to two inches roughly doubles net power when blade height, inlet velocity, and stage loading are held constant.

Heat rate is governed by temperature lift and cycle quality, not rotor size; the ranges remain the same, with potential small improvements due to lower relative leakage at larger scale.

The best efficiency and lowest heat rate occur at the higher turbine inlet temperatures. Mechanical limits such as tip speed, rotor stress, and sealing set practical ceilings on power density.

Conclusion

A purpose designed two inch sCO2 radial inflow micro turbine can credibly deliver about 12 to 17 kilowatts of net power across 100 C to 700 C turbine inlet temperatures, with heat rates ranging from about 57,000 down to about 6,200 BTU per kilowatt as temperature increases. The larger diameter eases manufacturability and can slightly improve real world efficiency, while preserving compactness and the high power density advantages of sCO2.